However, while solar-driven heterogeneous water disinfection nano-systems have shown promising results, several issues remain unresolved. Firstly, the limited penetration depth of light restricts photocatalytic disinfection to the water surface, reducing its effective treatment area and limiting its ability to address deeper layers of water. This constraint affects its efficacy in large water bodies. Additionally, although these systems offer regeneration capabilities, the recovery of nanoscale materials remains challenging due to their small size. Furthermore, the high catalytic activity of these materials makes them susceptible to degradation from ROSs generated during the process, leading to potential material failure and residuals in the water. Moreover, contemporary water pollution involves not only microorganisms but also a complex mixture of chemical substances, organic compounds, and heavy metal ions, complicating the effectiveness of single photocatalytic approaches. Therefore, a more comprehensive exploration of water purification methods is needed to develop more effective solutions.