Chloroprene is a monomer widely used in the production of neoprene, and 1-hydroxy-2-butanone (1H2B) is one of the metabolites of chloroprene in urine, which can place a significant impact on human health by disrupting the normal structure and function of DNA. Herein, a three-dimensional Zn-based coordination polymer (1) and a two-dimensional Cd-based coordination polymer (2) were synthesized with mixed ligands of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (H2FDA) and 1,2,4-triazole (Htrz) and fully characterized. 2 exhibits excellent stability and superior sensing performance for 1H2B with fast response within 15 s, good recyclability and a detection limit of 9.24 μM. In addition, 2 demonstrates good selectivity in presence of main coexisting compounds in urine. In-depth investigations of the sensing mechanism revealed that the luminescence sensing is based on the competitive absorption and photoelectron transfer processes.