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Recent progress on thiacalix[4]arene-stabilized atomically precise metal nanoclusters for photothermal conversion

Dong-Ao Mao, Chong Huang, Wei-Yang Li*, Kun Zhou, Yan-Feng Bi*

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjsc.2026.100978

Metal nanoclusters; Photothermal conversion; Thiacalix[4]arene; Polyoxometalate

ABSTRACT

Metal nanoclusters (MNCs), with atomically precise structures and sizes comparable to the Fermi wavelength of electrons, exhibit discrete electronic states and molecule-like properties, making them promising candidates for photothermal conversion in energy and catalysis applications. Among them, thiacalix[4]arene (TC4A)-based MNCs have emerged as a distinctive platform due to their well-defined coordination environments, structural modularity, and host-guest versatility. This review first discusses the role of TC4A ligands in MNCs construction, highlighting how their tunable coordination sites, rigid frameworks, and supramolecular interactions enable control over cluster nuclearity, geometry, and stability. It then summarizes recent insights into photothermal conversion mechanisms, emphasizing the relationship between cluster structure, electronic states, and energy dissipation. The photothermal performance of TC4A-stabilized clusters is subsequently analyzed, focusing on the effects of metal core composition, nuclearity, ligand environment, and hybrid architectures on light absorption and heat generation. Finally, current challenges and future directions are outlined, including scalable synthesis, improved stability, standardized evaluation, and deeper mechanistic understanding. By linking supramolecular design with functional performance, this review provides guidance for the rational development of next-generation TC4A-based photothermal materials.

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