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Development of a theranostic tri-nuclear gadolinium(III) complex based on apoferritin for multitarget therapy of orthotopic glioma
Xueyu Man, Guochao Li, Minghui Zhu, Shanhe Li, Gang Xu, Zhenlei Zhang*, Hong Liang, Feng Yang* Submit a Manuscript
Development of a theranostic tri-nuclear gadolinium(III) complex based on apoferritin for multitarget therapy of orthotopic glioma
Xueyu Man, Guochao Li, Minghui Zhu, Shanhe Li, Gang Xu, Zhenlei Zhang*, Hong Liang, Feng Yang* Submit a Manuscript
Development of a theranostic tri-nuclear gadolinium(III) complex based on apoferritin for multitarget therapy of orthotopic glioma
Xueyu Man, Guochao Li, Minghui Zhu, Shanhe Li, Gang Xu, Zhenlei Zhang*, Hong Liang, Feng Yang*
Chin. J. Struct. Chem., 2025, 44(11), 100711. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100711
November 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
To effectively penetrate the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and integrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis and multitarget therapy for orthotopic glioma, we proposed to develop a multinuclear gadolinium (Gd) complex based on apoferritin (AFt). To this end, we rationally designed and synthesized a trinuclear Gd(III) complex (Gd3) with strong T1-weighted MRI performance and remarkable cytotoxicity against glioma cells in vitro. Subsequently, we constructed an AFt-Gd3 nanoparticle (NP) delivery system. AFt-Gd3 NPs not only penetrated the BBB but also provided significant T1-weighted MRI contrast for orthotopic glioma while effectively inhibiting glioma growth with minimal side effects in vivo. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanism by which AFt-Gd3 NPs inhibit glioma growth: inducing apoptosis through chemodynamic therapy, blocking glutamine metabolism, and inhibiting energy metabolism.
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