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Red and near-infrared emission scintillation crystals: Fundamentals and advancements
Chunshen Li, Yuexin Zhu, Peng Zhang*
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjsc.2026.101000
Light output rate; Red-near infrared; γ-ray spectral; Resolution; Scintillation; Detection limit
ABSTRACT
Scintillators are materials that absorb high-energy rays or particles and down-convert them into a short pulse of visible or near-visible light. They are widely applied in medical imaging, homeland security, and space exploration. In recent years avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and InGaAs photodetectors have rapidly developed due to their high quantum efficiency (QE). However, most commercial scintillations emit light in the 350-600 nm range, resulting in suboptimal energy resolution (R) and detection limit when coupled with APDs and InGaAs photodetectors. To address this spectral mismatch and enhance detector performance, there is an urgent need to develop scintillators with red or near-infrared (NIR) emission. This review systematically summarizes the scintillators applicable for APDs and InGaAs photodetectors, respectively. In addition, emerging lead-free scintillators are reviewed owing to their environmental friendliness and application potential. Two primary luminescent mechanisms are highlighted: (1) band-edge-regulated scintillators, including NIR-emitting crystals co-doped with Eu2+-Sm2+ and Yb2+-Sm2+, and (2) quantum cutting (QC)-based materials such as RE3+/Yb3+ (RE = Tb, Tm, Pr) co-doped oxides (e.g., YAG, GAB) and Yb3+-doped metal halide perovskites (e.g., CsPbX3). By analyzing current limitations and future prospects of these material systems and comparing these scintillators with their commercial counterparts, this work aims to guide the design of next-generation scintillators optimized for APD and InGaAs photodetector compatibility.
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